During 1991–2007, the media activism scholarship converged on framing, agenda-setting, and the rise of participatory culture in digital networks. Researchers emphasized how media framing constructs problem definitions, assigns responsibility, and prescribes remedies, while agenda-setting work anchored activist timing and issue salience. The period also foregrounded how fans, bloggers, and online communities co-create and mobilize around campaigns, blending traditional analytic methods with sociocognitive and network-inspired approaches to map modern activism.